HUBUGAN ANTARA PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP TENTANG HIV/AIDS DENGAN TINDAKAN PENCEGAHAN HIV/AIDS PADA SISWA SMA NEGERI 4 MANADO

Human Immunolodeficiency Virus (HIV) merupakan virus yang dapat melemahkan sistem kekebalan tubuh yang disebabkan oleh AIDS. Sedangkan Acquared Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) merupakan sekumpulan gejala akibat menurunya sistem kekebalan tubuh yag disebabkan oleh HIV. Data HIV/AIDS di Kota Manado tahun 1997 sampai Maret 2017 sebanyak 856 kasus.Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pengetahuan dan sikap tentang HIV/AIDS dengan tindakan pencegahan HIV/AIDS pada siswa SMA Negeri 4 Manado. Jenis penelitian ini ialah cross sectional study, yang dilaksanakan pada bulan April sampai bulan Oktober 2017 bertempat di SMA Negeri 4 Manado dengan populasi siswa SMA Negeri 4 Manado. Teknik pengambilan sampel secara purposive sampling sebanyak 203 responden. Variabel bebas ialah pengetahuan, sikap siswa SMA Negeri 4 Manado, dan varibel terikat ialah tindakan pencegahan siswa SMA Negeri 4 Manado. Pengolahan data menggunakan Chi-Square Test dan disajikan dalam bentuk tabel distribusi frekuensi disertai penjelasan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa umur responden ialah 15 tahun (50,1%), jenis kelamin (62,6%), pengetahuan kurang (69%), sikap negatif (57,4%), dan tindakan pencegahan kurang (73,4%). Hasil uji statistik menunjukan bahwa pengetahuan nilai ρ=0,865>α=0,05, OR=0,914, sikap nilai ρ=0,338>α=0,05, OR=1,377. Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini bahwa tidak ada hubungan antara pengetahuan dan sikap dengan tindakan pencegahan HIV/AIDS pada siswa SMA Negeri 4 Manado. Disarankan kepada pihak sekolah untuk memberikan informasi yang lebih luas tentang HID/AIDS kepada siswa SMA Negeri 4 Manado melalui pendidikan kesehatan menggunakan leaflet, brosur, poster dan media pendidikan lainnya.Kata Kunci: Pengetahuan, Sikap, Tindakan HIV/AIDS.ABSTRACTHuman Immunolodeficiency Virus (HIV) as virus is can be able deterioration body immun system or body protection is can be leading to occured Aquired Immunodeficiendy Syndroms. Whereas Acquared Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) as a collection syndroms resulted decreased body immune system is caused by HIV. Data HIV/AIDS in Manado city since 1997 years to 2017 March as much as 856 cases. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between knowledge and attitudes about HIV / AIDS with HIV / AIDS prevention measures in State High School 4 Manado students. The type of this research is cross sectional study, conducted from April until October 2017 at State Senior High School 4 Manado with student population of State Senior High School 4 Manado. Sampling technique by purposive sampling counted 203 respondents. Independent variables in research is knowledge, attitude of high school students of 4 Manado, and the dependent variable is the prevention of high school students of Negeri 4 Manado. Data processing using Chi-Square Test and presented in the form of frequency distribution table with explanation. The results of this study indicate that the age of respondents is 15 years (50.1%), gender (62.6%), knowledge less (69%), negative attitude (57.4%), and less precaution (73.4 %). The result of statistical test shows that knowledge value ρ = 0,865> α = 0,05, OR = 0,914, attitude value ρ = 0,338> α = 0,05, OR = 1,377. The conclusion in this research is that there is no correlation between the relationship between knowledge and attitude with HIV / AIDS prevention measures in State 4 high school students of Manado. It is suggested to the school to provide more information about HIV / AIDS to high school students of 4 Manado State through health education using leaflets, brochures, posters and other educational media.Keywords: Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, HIV /AID

PREVALENSI DAN DETERMINAN PENGGUNAAN NARKOTIKA DAN OBATOBATAN TERLARANG DI KALANGAN REMAJA INDONESIA; ANALISIS DATA SURVEI DEMOGRAFI DAN KESEHATAN INDONESIA TAHUN 2012

Penyalahgunaan narkoba di Indonesia semakin meningkat, dengan perkiraan 1,77% pada tahun 2017. Sejauh ini penelitian tentang distribusi di kalangan remaja masih kurang, padahal remaja merupakan populasi yang rentan penyalahgunaan narkoba. Penelitian ini  bertujuan untuk menyelidiki prevalensi dan determinan penyalahgunaan narkoba pada remaja. Penelitian ini menggunakan data dari Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia tahun 2012 (SDKI), dengan desain cross sectional. Studi dilakukan pada 19882 remaja usia 15-24. Faktor penentu penyalahgunaan narkoba dianalisis secara bivariat dengan regresi logistik biner. Sekitar 2,5% remaja dalam penelitian memiliki sejarah penyalahgunaan narkoba. Ditemukan juga bahwa usia yang lebih tua (OR 3.057, 95% Cl 2.547-3.669), meningkatkan kemungkinan penyalahgunaan narkoba di kalangan pemuda. Sementara itu jenis kelamin perempuan (OR 0,060, 95% Cl 0,040-0,090) dan yang tinggal di pedesaan (OR 0,557, 95% Cl 0,459-0,675) cenderung untuk melakukan penyalahgunaan narkoba pada populasi ini, disimpulkan bahwa prevalensi penyalahgunaan narkoba di Indonesia adalah relatif tinggi, dan usia, jenis kelamin, dan tempat tinggal adalah salah satu faktor penentu penyalahgunaan narkoba di kalangan pemuda di Indonesia. Kata Kunci : Narkotika, Penyalahgunaan Narkoba, Determinan, Prevalensi ABSTRACTDrug abuse is increasinlyg prevalent in Indonesia, with an estimate of 1,77% in 2017. Studies have yet to confirm its distribution among youth, which naturaly constitutes the most vulnerable population : Our study aimed at  investigating the prevalence and determinants of drug abuse within the youth population. It involved the use of data from the Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey of 2012 (IDHS), with desain corss sectional. Study conducted on 19882 youth aged 15-24. The determinants of drug abuse were anaysed bivariatly with binary logistic regression. About 2.5% youth in study had drug abuse history. If was also found that older age (OR 3.057, 95% Cl 2.547-3.669), increased the odds of drug  abuse among  the youth. Meanwhile female gender (OR 0.060, 95% Cl 0.040-0.090) and living in rural (OR 0.557, 95% Cl 0.459-0.675) tended to prevent drug abuse in this population, if was conculeded that the prevalence of drug abuse in Indonesia is relatively high, and that age, gender, and residence were among the determinants of drug abuse within youth in Indonesia. Keywords: Narcotics, Drug Abuse, Determinants, Prevalenc

Prevalence of the vanB2 gene cluster in VanB glycopeptide-resistant enterococci in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland and its association with a Tn5382-like element

A total of 204 vanB enterococcal isolates, isolated between 1989 and 1999 from patients in 59 different hospitals in England, Wales, and Scotland and from a single hospital in the Republic of Ireland, were examined. Nucleotide sequencing and HhaI digestion of a fragment of the vanB gene was used to distinguish between the vanB1, vanB2, andvanB3 gene clusters (7). Based on theirvanB-HhaI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles, 202 (99%) isolates contained vanB2. The presence of vanB1 in two isolates was confirmed by sequence analysis

Novel 16S rRNA methyltransferase RmtE3 in acinetobacter baumannii ST79.

Introduction. The 16S rRNA methyltransferase (16S RMTase) gene armA is the most common mechanism conferring high-level aminoglycoside resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii, although rmtA, rmtB, rmtC, rmtD and rmtE have also been reported.Hypothesis/Gap statement. The occurrence of 16S RMTase genes in A. baumannii in the UK and Republic of Ireland is currently unknown.Aim. To identify the occurrence of 16S RMTase genes in A. baumannii isolates from the UK and the Republic of Ireland between 2004 and 2015.Methodology. Five hundred and fifty pan-aminoglycoside-resistant A. baumannii isolates isolated from the UK and the Republic of Ireland between 2004 and 2015 were screened by PCR to detect known 16S RMTase genes, and then whole-genome sequencing was conducted to screen for novel 16S RMTase genes.Results. A total of 96.5 % (531/550) of isolates were positive for 16S RMTase genes, with all but 1 harbouring armA (99.8 %, 530/531). The remaining isolates harboured rmtE3, a new rmtE variant. Most (89.2 %, 473/530) armA-positive isolates belonged to international clone II (ST2), and the rmtE3-positive isolate belonged to ST79. rmtE3 shared a similar genetic environment to rmtE2 but lacked an ISCR20 element found upstream of rmtE2.Conclusion. This is the first report of rmtE in A. baumannii in Europe; the potential for transmission of rmtE3 to other bacterial species requires further research

Complexes of stationary domain walls in the resonantly forced Ginsburg-Landau equation

The parametrically driven Ginsburg-Landau equation has well-known stationary solutions -- the so-called Bloch and Neel, or Ising, walls. In this paper, we construct an explicit stationary solution describing a bound state of two walls. We also demonstrate that stationary complexes of more than two walls do not exist.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures, to appear in Physical Review

Major role of pKpQIL-like plasmids in the early dissemination of KPC-type carbapenemases in the UK

Objectives: KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae were first seen in the UK in 2003 and have been increasingly reported since 2010, largely owing to an ongoing outbreak in North-West England. We examined the role of clonal spread and plasmid transmission in their emergence. Methods: Isolates comprised KPC-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=33), Escherichia coli (n=7) and Enterobacter spp. (n=4) referred to the national reference laboratory between 2008 and 2010 from 17 UK centres, including three in North-West England. Isolates were typed by MLST. Plasmids were transferred by electroporation and characterised by PCR or sequencing. PCR screening assays were developed to distinguish plasmid pKpQIL variants. Results: The K. pneumoniae isolates included 10 STs, of which three belonged to clonal group (CG) 258. CG258 (n=19) isolates were detected in 13 centres but accounted for only 7/19 (36.8%) of those from North-West England. Most KPC-producers (37/44, 84.1%), including 16/19 CG258 K. pneumoniae carried blaKPC on IncFIIK2 plasmids. Sequencing of a subset of these plasmids (n=11) revealed similarities with published pKpQIL. One variant, pKpQIL-UK - identified in K. pneumoniae CG258 (n=5) and ST468 (n=1) isolates from distinct centres - had only a few nucleotide changes from classical pKpQIL, whereas pKpQIL-D1 (n=1) and pKpQIL-D2 (n=4), from isolates of various species in the North-West, harboured large variations reflecting replacement of the partitioning and replication functions and potentially thereby facilitating spread. PCR revealed that 36/37 (97.3%) IncFIIK2-type plasmids in KPC-positive isolates had pKpQIL markers. Conclusions: pKpQIL-like plasmids played a major role in the early dissemination of KPC enzymes in the UK

Exact solutions to the four Goldstone modes around a dark soliton of the nonlinear Schroedinger equation

This article is concerned with the linearisation around a dark soliton solution of the nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation. Crucially, we present analytic expressions for the four linearly-independent zero eigenvalue solutions (also known as Goldstone modes) to the linearised problem. These solutions are then used to construct a Greens matrix which gives the first-order spatial response due to some perturbation. Finally we apply this Greens matrix to find the correction to the dark-soliton wavefunction of a Bose-Einstein condensate in the presence of fluctuations.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures, submitted to Journal of Physics

ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in 24 neonatal units and associated networks in the south of England: no clustering of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in units or networks.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to characterize ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae present in 24 neonatal units (NNUs) in eight networks participating in a multicentre probiotic study and to test the hypothesis that specific strains would cluster within individual units and networks. METHODS: We performed analysis of stool samples for the presence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae at 2 weeks post-natal age and 36 weeks post-menstrual age. ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae were characterized and typed using molecular methods. RESULTS: ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (n = 71) were isolated from 67/1229 (5.5%) infants from whom we received a sample at either sampling time or both sampling times, and from infants in 18 (75%) of the 24 recruiting NNUs. Thirty-three Escherichia coli, 23 Klebsiella spp. and 6 Enterobacter spp. strains were characterized. ESBL-producing E. coli were all distinguishable within individual NNUs by antibiotic resistance genotype, serogroup (O25b), phenotype, phylotype or ST. Ten of the 33 were ST131 and 9 of the 10 ST131 isolates were ciprofloxacin resistant. Seven of the 10 ST131 isolates carried genes encoding CTX-M group 1 enzymes. ST131 isolates were isolated from centres within five of the eight NNU networks. There were clusters of indistinguishable ESBL-producing Klebsiella and Enterobacter isolates associated with specific NNUs. CONCLUSIONS: Strains of E. coli ST131 were distributed across neonatal networks in the south of England. There was no evidence of clustering of clonally related ESBL-producing E. coli strains, by contrast with Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp., which did cluster within units. The possibility that ESBL-producing E. coli strains are spread by vertical transmission requires further investigation

New insights into the regulatory pathways associated with the activation of the stringent response in bacterial resistance to the PBP2-targeted antibiotics, mecillinam and OP0595/RG6080

Objectives: The diazabicyclooctane β-lactamase inhibitor OP0595 (RG6080) also acts as an antibiotic, targeting PBP2 in Enterobacteriaceae, but this activity is vulnerable to mutational resistance. We used WGS to investigate the basis of this resistance. Methods: Twenty OP0595-selected mutants, comprising four derived from each of five different Escherichia coli strains, were sequenced on Illumina HiSeq. Reads from each mutant were mapped to the assembled genome of the corresponding parent. A variant-calling file generated with Samtools was parsed to determine genetic alterations. Results: Besides OP0595, the mutants consistently showed decreased susceptibility to mecillinam, which likewise targets PBP2, and grew as stable round forms in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of OP0595. Among the 20 mutants, 18 had alterations in genes encoding tRNA synthase and modification functions liable to induce expression of the RpoS sigma factor through activation of the stringent response or had mutations suppressing inactivators of RpoS or the stringent response signal-degrading enzyme, SpoT. TolB was inactivated in one mutant: this activates RcsBC regulation and was previously associated with mecillinam resistance. The mechanism of resistance remained unidentified in one mutant. Both the RpoS and RcsBC systems regulate genes of cell division, including ftsAQZ that can compensate for loss or inhibition of PBP2, allowing survival of the challenged bacteria as stable round forms, as seen. Conclusions: WGS identified the global stringent response signal, entailing induction of RpoS, as the main mediator of mutational resistance to OP0595 in E. coli